Orange and White Concrete Barriers Art Nyc Scotts Apartment

Postal service used for mooring, traffic etc

Mooring bollards, such as this 1 in the Hudson River, were the first type of bollard: the use of the term has since expanded.

A bollard is a sturdy, brusk, vertical mail. The term originally referred to a post on a send or quay used principally for mooring boats. It now too refers to posts installed to command route traffic and posts designed to prevent automotive vehicles from colliding or crashing into pedestrians and structures, whether intentional from ram-raids and vehicle-ramming attacks, or unintentional losses of control.

Etymology [edit]

The term is probably related to bole, meaning a tree trunk.^{[one] [2] [3]} The primeval citation given by the Oxford English Dictionary (referring to a maritime bollard) dates from 1844,^[1] although a reference in the Caledonian Mercury in 1817 describes bollards as huge posts.^[iv] Previously, simpler terms such as "mail" appear to accept been used. The Norman-French name boulard (nonetheless often found in Normandy) and Dutch bolder may exist related.

History [edit]

From the 17th and 18th centuries, old cannon were often used every bit bollards on quaysides to aid moor ships alongside. The cannon would be cached in the basis muzzle-first to approximately half or ii-thirds of their length, leaving the breech (rear end) projecting above ground for attaching ropes. Such cannon tin still occasionally be found. Bollards from the 19th century were purpose-made, simply often inherited a very similar "cannon" shape.

Wooden posts were used for basic traffic management from at least the beginning of the 18th century. An early on well-documented instance is that of the "two oak-posts" prepare next to the medieval Eleanor cantankerous at Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire, in 1721, at the expense of the Society of Antiquaries of London, "to secure Waltham Cross from injury by Carriages".^[5] Similar posts can be seen in many celebrated paintings and engravings.

In the Netherlands, the Amsterdammertjes of Amsterdam were outset erected in the 19th century. They became popular symbols of the city, but they are now gradually existence removed and replaced with elevated sidewalks.

Types [edit]

Maritime [edit]

In the maritime contexts in which the term originates, a bollard is either a wooden or iron post found every bit a deck-fitting on a ship or gunkhole, and used to secure ropes for towing, mooring and other purposes; or its analogue on country, a short wooden, fe or stone mail on a quayside to which arts and crafts can exist moored. The Sailor'southward Discussion-Book of 1867 defines a bollard in a more than specific context as "a thick piece of wood on the head of a whale-gunkhole, circular which the harpooner gives the line a turn, in society to veer information technology steadily, and cheque the animal'south velocity".^{[1] [six]} Bollards on ships, when arranged in pairs, may also exist referred to as "bitts".^{[7] [8]}

Mooring bollards are seldom exactly cylindrical, but typically take a larger diameter most the top to discourage mooring warps (docklines) from coming loose. Single bollards sometimes include a cross rod to let the mooring lines to exist bent into a figure eight. Small mushroom-bollards are institute on lock approaches for advancing boats waiting for lock access.

A conventional measure of the pulling or towing ability of a watercraft is known as bollard pull, and is defined as the measured forcefulness exerted by a vessel under total power on a shore-mounted bollard through a tow-line.

Road traffic [edit]

Roadside bollards [edit]

Bollards can exist used either to control traffic intake size by limiting movements, or to control traffic speed past narrowing the available space. Israel'south Transportation Research Institute plant that putting bollards at highway exits to control traffic as well reduced accidents.^[9]

Permanent bollards can be used for traffic-control or terrorist prevention purposes.^[10] They may be mounted near enough to each other that they block ordinary cars/trucks, for example, merely spaced widely enough to permit special-purpose vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians to pass through. Bollards may also be used to enclose car-free zones. Bollards and other street piece of furniture can likewise exist used to control overspill parking onto sidewalks and verges.^[11]

Bollards can exist temporary and portable, such as this traffic control bollard separating the road from the worksite.

Tall (1.15 meter/4 foot) slim (x cm/4 inch) fluorescent red or orange plastic bollards with reflective tape and removable heavy rubber bases are frequently used in road traffic command where traffic cones would be inappropriate due to their width and ease of move. Also referred to as "delineators", the bases are commonly made from recycled rubber, and tin be easily glued to the route surface to resist movement following minor impacts from passing traffic. The term "T-height bollards" refers to the T-bar moulded into the top for tying record. Bollards are regarded as an economical and safe delineation system for motorways and decorated arterial roads; and, in conjunction with plastic tape, for pedestrian command.

Traffic bollards used in the Us are very like to devices establish throughout the UK, except that The states traffic bollard shells display the MUTCD (Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices) "Keep Right" symbol (R4-7). In addition, the traffic bollard also has a xanthous diamond below the "Keep Right" symbol instead of a yellowish shield.

Traffic-island bollards [edit]

1980s traffic bollard in Prague, Czechia

Traffic bollards are used to highlight traffic islands. They are primarily used at intersections within the splitter islands (a raised or painted area on the approach of a roundabout used to split entering from exiting traffic, deflect and slow entering traffic, and provide a stopping identify for pedestrians crossing the route in 2 stages)^[12] and at the ends of pedestrian refuge islands, typically located at mid-block pedestrian crosswalks.

Illuminated bollards are also used to supplement street signs and street lighting to provide a visual cue to budgeted drivers that an obstruction exists ahead during hours of darkness and during periods of low visibility:^{[13] [14]} (fog, rain, snowfall, haze, etc.) and to indicate that braking may exist required. Illuminated bollards are also used in Hong Kong, a former British colony.

Internally illuminated traffic bollards have been in beingness throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland since the 1930s, although the term "bollard" just seems to have been in common use since the belatedly 1940s.^[1] An illuminated bollard has a recessed base light unit in the foundation which illuminates the traffic bollard from all angles.^[fifteen] The main components are housed below the road or pedestrian surface (typically a physical surface). Therefore, if a vehicle strikes the traffic bollard, the units beneath the surface are not damaged. In improver, nigh new modern traffic bollards installed along U.k. roadways today are made of materials that brand them completely collapsible. When struck by a vehicle at low or high speed, the traffic bollard shell reverts to its original position with minimal to no damage to the unit.^[16]

Reflective bollards may also exist used; they need no power or maintenance, and tin be built to recover to their normal position after being struck.^[17]

Internally illuminated traffic bollards directly vehicles to the appropriate side of an isle in the Britain.

Bong [edit]

A bell bollard is especially useful to deflect heavy vehicles.

A bell bollard is a style of bollard designed to deflect vehicle tires. The bike mounts the lower part of the bollard and is deflected by its increasing slope. Such bollards are effective against heavy goods vehicles that may damage or destroy conventional bollards or other types of street furniture.^[eighteen] A variant on the bell bollard is the "Martello bollard", its sloped shape inspired by the profile of celebrated Martello towers.

Removable [edit]

Bollards may be hinged at ground level, assuasive them to be folded apartment to permit vehicles to bulldoze over them. In such cases they are by and large fitted with padlocks at the base, to forestall their being lowered without proper dominance.

Ascent bollards can be retracted into the roadway to allow traffic to pass, or deployed to end it.

Removable bollards may be fitted into a permanent metal ground socket, from which they tin can be removed entirely to allow traffic to pass. A polypropylene basis socket is also bachelor that protects the paving and foundations from damage when the bollard is struck. This blueprint uses a self-locking taper to enable bollards to be easily removed and relocated.

Retractable [edit]

Retractable or "ascent" bollards tin exist lowered entirely beneath the road surface (more often than not using an electric or hydraulic machinery) to enable traffic to pass, or raised to block traffic. Rising bollards are used to secure sensitive areas from attack, to enforce time-express traffic regulations, or to allow access merely to particular classes of traffic.

Manually retractable bollards (lowered past a key mechanism) are found useful in some cases because they require less infrastructure.^[nineteen]

The term "robotic bollards" has been applied to traffic barricades capable of moving themselves into position on a roadway.^[20]

Self-righting or self-recovering bollards can take a nudge from a vehicle and return to the upright position without causing damage to the bollard or vehicle. They are pop in car park buildings and other areas of loftier vehicle usage.^[21]

Flexible [edit]

Flexible bollards are bollards designed to bend when struck past vehicles. They are typically made from synthetic plastic or rubber that is stiff on its own, but pliable nether the weight of a automobile or truck. When struck, flexible bollards give way to some extent, reducing damage to vehicles and surrounding surfaces, and return to their original, upright position. Some flexible bollards do not provide physical protection from vehicles; rather they offer clear visual guidance for drivers. Other flexible bollards accept been designed to provide physical protection as well as reduced impairment past incorporating strong rubberband materials. These tin can be all plastic or plastic/steel hybrids but combine varying degrees of stopping power and flexibility.^{[22] [23] [24] [25]}

Racing [edit]

Some forms of motorsport use removable, high-visibility bollards on route courses and street courses to mark the noon of certain corners. They are used to deter cutting a corner also tightly and violating rail limits: in most racing serial, drivers may incur a punishment for colliding with or driving inside these bollards.

Racing bollards are very lightweight and built to suspension off at the base when hitting so as to not harm the vehicle; this feature of bollards makes them favored over "sausage kerbs"—also used to forestall cutting corners—which are elevated rigid structures that run along the inside of a turn. In dissimilarity to bollards, sausage kerbs are much more than unforgiving, and vehicles that hitting them can exist severely damaged or launched airborne upon contact.

Covers [edit]

A more recent development in bollard technology are bollard covers. They are used past many industries and communities as a cost-effective way to increase safety and refresh sometime and worn-out-looking bollards without having to completely replace the original bollard. They slip over the existing bollard and can come in a variety of shapes and styles. Because they are hands removable, they tin be replaced quickly, and depending on their material they may never need painting and are resistant to scratching and other wear and tear. Traffic bollard covers are typically made of tough recycled plastic and take high-visibility colours to ensure motorists see them. Decorative bollards are used in street areas to heighten display and may come with LED lights to increase visibility and safety at night.

Protective [edit]

Security bollard in front end of a shop doorway, placed to deter ram-raiders

Concrete planters provide protection similar to that of bollards. Washington, DC

Bollards are used by government agencies and private businesses to protect buildings, public spaces, and the people in them from car ramming attacks.^[26] They usually consist of a simple steel post either anchored to physical, cored into a hard surface, buried in the ground or secured on a self-locking taper or impact recovery system to protect the surrounding foundations when a bollard is struck.

These bollards protect utilities, electronics, machinery, buildings, or pedestrians from adventitious or intentional collisions with vehicles. As collisions also cause impairment to vehicles, operators, or the bollards themselves, new bollards take been developed that blot some of the impact energy, lessening the violence of the collision. Some are made of forgiving plastics while others are made of steel simply fitted with an elastomer to blot the impact energy.^[27]

Bollards are widely used to contribute to safety and security. The American Bar Association (ABA) states that bollards are used to contribute to homeland security.^[28] The American National Institute of Building Sciences site—the Whole Building Design Guide (WBDG)—recommends in its Blueprint Guidance that open spaces surrounding and contiguous to buildings be included every bit integral parts of a security design.^[29]

There are two main kinds of security-related bollard:

• Non-crash-resistant bollards.
• Crash- and assail-resistant bollards used to protect places at risk of being attacked.^[30] They are often used by retailers to forestall "ram-raiding" burglaries. Large concrete blocks or structures are used with the aforementioned purpose but have an of import aesthetic and visual impact. Large physical planters are a decorative alternative.

According to the National Constitute of Building Sciences, non-crash-resistant bollards are "perceived impediments to access" and address the deportment of two groups.

• Police force-abiding persons who comply with civil prescriptions of behavior as defined by the style in which bollards are put to use;
• Potentially threatening and confusing persons for whom bollard applications are proscriptive by announcing their beliefs is anticipated, and that additional levels of security await them.^[31]

Rising bollards are increasingly common around the world to hinder vehicle-based terrorist actions from achieving shut proximity to buildings, and are too used to prevent terrorist vehicle-ramming attacks such as the 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack. They are also useful in mixed-use public spaces, which back up both pedestrian use and emergency or service vehicle use. These bollards are usually priced between $11,000 to $100,000 depending on their power to resist ramming vehicles, based on speed and size of the vehicle. The most expensive bollards can stop vehicles at speeds of about 50 mph (eighty km/h).

High security bollards are impact-tested in accord with 1 or more of 3 major crash test ratings for vehicle barriers. These are PAS 68 (UK),^[32] IWA-fourteen (International) and ASTM (US).^{[33] [34]} Such bollards are used for hostile vehicle mitigation and are designed to protect confronting potential vehicle borne improvised explosive devices (VBIED) and vehicle equally a weapon (VAW) attacks such as those seen in the Squeamish attack in 2016 and the Westminster Bridge assail in 2017.

Bollard sleeves in various alloys or finishes are designed to embrace security bollards to enhance their visual attractiveness.^[35]

U-shaped bollards are typically used for the protection of equipment and are very common in areas that need coverage over a wider area than of a normal bollard, such as fuel stations and bicycle lanes.^[36]

Dragon's teeth [edit]

Big physical structures chosen dragon's teeth were invented during World War II to slow down, cease or aqueduct enemy tanks.

Lights [edit]

Bollard lights are a type of architectural outdoor lighting fixture comprising curt, upright basis-mounted units, typically giving off lite from the peak or the sides, and used to illuminate walkways, steps or pathways.

Solar bollards store energy during daylight hours in order to illuminate during dark. They apply either a photocell or algorithms that determine whether the solar cells are receiving low-cal to determine when to illuminate.

Other applications [edit]

The National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities (NCEF), managed by the National Establish of Building Sciences (NIBS), cited iii dozen applications of bollards.^{[37] [38]} The following list of open areas is encompassed by the ABA, NCEF and WBDG recommendations:^{[ commendation needed ]}

• Playgrounds
• Trails/Trailheads
• Roadways
• Leisure Parks
• Fire Access Lanes
• Edifice Setbacks
• Sports Field
• Malls
• Traffic Gates
• Landscapes
• Pathways
• Site Utilities
• Bus Em/Debarkation
• Toll Berth
• Wheel Lane
• Traffic Medians
• Site Perimeters
• Intersections
• Store Fronts
• Building Hardening
• Vehicle Parking
• Site Access Control
• Site Surveillance
• Vehicle Pick-Up

United states of america burn regulations [edit]

Co-ordinate to the International Burn Lawmaking (IFC-2009) and the American National Burn down Protection Association Burn Code 1 (NFPA-one) all new buildings or renovated buildings must have fire access roadways to suit fire apparatus and crews and other first responders. Thus the choice of bollard styles must use to the NFPA'south Code 1710. Bollards are now designed in terms of how long it takes to remove or collapse them to let start responders entry to the access roadway.^{[39] [xl] [41]}

Architectural design functions [edit]

Bollards serving dual aspects; they forestall cars from trespassing and also aesthetically complement the surrounds of the Church of St Matthew in Qrendi, Malta.

Listed beneath are the edifice design objectives and requirements under burn down or security related instances on campuses and their relationship to the employ of bollards according to the Clan of Higher Pedagogy Facilities.^[42]

• Accessible: burn lane bollards will accommodate persons using wheelchairs
• Aesthetics: the fire lane and its bollard style complements surrounding mural design
• Cost-Constructive: fire lane organization life bicycle costing
• Functional/Operational: Building architect determines if entrances to building envelope can accommodate showtime responders or whether entrances require retrofitting, and authority having jurisdiction and commencement responders determine if the burn lane can readily be accessed through the bollards under emergency conditions
• Historic Preservation: City planner address the special needs in celebrated districts and of historic buildings to accommodate fire lanes and bollards.
• Productive: The Hour officer comments on felt security of those working in the protected edifice, and all beginning responders pass on their ability to perform under fire mitigation weather condition
• Secure/Safe: Input past building safety or security officeholder and representative first responders to clinch hallways and stairwells can suit first responders and that the burn down lane is free of all obstructions 24/7
• Sustainable: Landscape architect and surveyor annotate on long term sustainability of area impacted past fire lane and use by start responders.

Artwork [edit]

In Geelong, Victoria, Commonwealth of australia, decorative bollards, sculpted and painted by Jan Mitchell, are placed around the urban center to enhance the landscape as a form of outdoor public sculpture. Usually they are made of timber, minimally modified from the traditionally cylindrical, wooden, maritime bollard shape, but brightly painted to resemble human figures. Such figures – which may be historical or contemporary, particular or generic – are sited singly or in clusters along the waterfront and in other areas where people gather. Decorative bollards take become a well-known feature of the city of Geelong and reflect its history as a major Australian port.^[43]

In Antwerp, Kingdom of belgium, creative person Eddy Gabriel transformed a bollard to look like a toadstool in 1993. This case was followed by other artists, turning the quayside of the river Scheldt into a street art gallery.^[44]

In Norwich, England, a set of 21 bollards was installed in 2008 in the Lanes area due north of City Hall, designed by artist Oliver Creed and commissioned by the Urban center Council as part of a regeneration program.^[45] They are coloured "madder ruby-red", in reference to the carmine dye extracted from the madder plant and used for dying cloth, i of the city'south major industries during the 16th century; and they acquit bronze finials also alluding to local history. 10 of these draw the madder institute, while the other 11 have unique designs, normally relevant to the specific location in which the bollard is placed, including a scene of sheep-shearing, a Green Human being, a swan's head in Swan Lane, and and so on.^[46]

On the forecourt of Cambridge University Library, England, a line of 14 bronze bollards fabricated to resemble piles of books was installed in 2009. This work, Ex Libris, was created by sculptor Harry Gray. The 10 outer bollards are static, but the "books" making upward the iv fundamental bollards can be swivelled, so that the lettering on their spines aligns to form the Latin phrase Ex Libris ("from/out of the books"), ordinarily used on bookplates.^{[47] [48] [49]}

Many other towns, such as Winchester, England and Pristina, Kosovo, have painted ordinary bollards in unusual decorative patterns.

Gallery [edit]

• Dissimilar bollards

• 

  Old cannon used as a mooring bollard, near the entrance of the Grand Harbour, Malta

• 

  Mooring bollards at Lepe Embankment, Hampshire, England, installed in 1944 for the use of craft destined to take part in the D-24-hour interval landings

• 

  Internally illuminated bollards direct traffic in England

• 

  Internally illuminated traffic bollard in Rome, Italy

• 

  Bollards separating pavement from roadway at the Spa Green Manor, Clerkenwell, London

• 

• 

  A removable metal bollard out of its socket in London

• 

  Ascent bollards tin can retract to allow passage of streetcars in Sofia, Bulgaria

• 

  Truck collision with a rebounding bollard

• 

• 

See also [edit]

• Amsterdammertje
• Automatic number-plate recognition
• Coal-tax postal service
• Guard rail
• Guard rock
• Bailiwick of jersey bulwark
• Milestone
• Stanchion
• Sump buster
• Traffic barrier
• Traffic cone

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} "bollard, due north.". Oxford English language Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Printing. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
2. ^ New Shorter Oxford English Lexicon, 1993
3. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
4. ^ An commodity in the 19 July 1817 edition of the Caledonian Mercury
5. ^ Boulting, Nikolaus (1976). "The constabulary's delays: conservationist legislation in the British Isles". In Fawcett, Jane (ed.). The Future of the Past: attitudes to conservation, 1174–1974. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 13. ISBN978-0-8230-7184-5.
6. ^ Chris Roberts, Heavy Words Lightly Thrown: The Reason Behind Rhyme, Thorndike Printing, 2006 (ISBN 0-7862-8517-six)
7. ^ "bitt, n.". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating establishment membership required.)
8. ^ Herwadkar, Nihar (5 March 2019). "x ship terms and definitions even smart people misuse". Marine Insight. Retrieved five June 2019.
9. ^ Driver behaviour and accident records at unsignalized urban intersections. Abishai Polusa, Section of Civil Engineering & Transportation Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. June 1984. Bachelor online 4 July 2002.
10. ^ Grabar, Henry (30 Baronial 2017). "Our Best Defense Against Vehicular Terrorism Tin can Too Be Beautiful". Slate Magazine.
11. ^ "Pavement parking". Department for Transport. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
12. ^ U.S. Section of Transportation: "Roundabouts:An Informational Guide", FHWA-RD-00-067, 2000
13. ^ "Road Traffic Signs and Internally Illuminated Bollards. Specification for Internally Illuminated Bollards", British Standards Institution, 1980
14. ^ Philip Weber, Scott Ritchie: "Internationally Recognized Roundabout Signs", Paper for the Transportation Inquiry Board National Roundabout Conference, 2005
15. ^ Simmonsigns, Simbol Product Specifications, 2006
16. ^ "Hitting a Bollard". Simmonsigns.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 26 Oct 2013.
17. ^ "Surrey County Council – Cogitating bollards on traffic islands". Surreycc.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
18. ^ "Bell Bollard". Furnitubes International. Retrieved eighteen May 2015.
19. ^ "Urban Park Bollard". Archived from the original on 27 October 2009.
20. ^ "Robotic Bollards to Take Control". BBC News. 28 April 2004.
21. ^ "Reboundable bollard With Fixings". Bollard Shop. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
22. ^ "REDUCING Harm FROM VEHICLE-BOLLARD IMPACTS" (PDF).
23. ^ "FlexCore Bollard". www.mccue.com.
24. ^ "Bollards".
25. ^ "Bollards & Goal Posts". Boplan. 26 October 2015.
26. ^ "Practise bollards offer protection against vehicle attacks?". DW. 8 March 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
27. ^ Oakes, Charles. "PhD". Blue Ember Technologies, LLC. Retrieved three October 2012.
28. ^ Ernest B. Abbott and Otto J. Hetzel, "Homeland Security Begins at Home: Local Planning and Regulatory Review to Improve Security", in Rufus Calhoun Young, Jr. and Dwight H. Merriam, A Legal Guide to Homeland Security and Emergency Management for State and Local Governments, American Bar Clan, 2006
29. ^ "Space Types | Whole Building Blueprint Guide". Wbdg.org. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
30. ^ Security for Building Occupants and Assets, Whole Building Design Guide Archived fifteen March 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 14 December 2010.
31. ^ Oakes, Charles Thousand. "The Bollard: Non-Crash and Non-Attack-Resistant Models | Whole Building Pattern Guide". Wbdg.org. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
32. ^ "BSI PAS 68". Retrieved 5 April 2019.
33. ^ "ASTM F2656 / F2656M - 18a Standard Examination Method for Crash Testing of Vehicle Security Barriers". www.astm.org . Retrieved 5 April 2019.
34. ^ "Hostile vehicle mitigation | Public Website". world wide web.cpni.gov.uk . Retrieved five April 2019.
35. ^ "Bollards stainless pipe fabrication". stainlessandalloy.com. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
36. ^ "Bollard Guide". TKObollards.com.au. Retrieved v June 2018.
37. ^ "NCEF Assessment Guide : Outdoor Athletic Facilities and Playgrounds" (PDF). Ncef.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 Oct 2013.
38. ^ "NCEF Assessment Guide : School Grounds and Site Access Command" (PDF). Ncef.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
39. ^ Oakes, Charles G. "Bollard design for trails and fire protection". Americantrails.org. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 26 Oct 2013.
40. ^ "Bollards, NYC" (PDF) . Retrieved vii November 2012.
41. ^ Transportation Alternatives: Rethinking Bollards–How Bollards Tin can Save Lives, Foreclose Injuries and Salve Traffic Congestion in New York City. July 2007
42. ^ Charles G. Oakes, Whole Building Blueprint Objectives for Campus Safety and Security: A Systems Dynamics Arroyo, Facilities Manager, July/Baronial, 2010, pp 21-26
43. ^ "Geelong Bollards". Angelfire.com. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
44. ^ witzenstein (24 July 2007). "Witzenstein: Who told you lot non to believe in fairytales?". Witzenstein.blogspot.com. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
45. ^ Cocke, Richard (2013). Public Sculpture of Norfolk and Suffolk. Public Sculpture of Britain. Vol. xvi. Liverpool: Liverpool Academy Press. pp. 64–5. ISBN978-1-84631-712-5.
46. ^ Reynolds, Leo (16 December 2007). "Norwich Bollards: full set of photos of bollard finials". flickr. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
47. ^ "Cambridge University Library Forecourt. Cambridge. 2009". Harry Gray. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
48. ^ Beard, Mary (11 September 2009). "A Don's Life: Is it a bollard? Is it a sculpture? Is information technology a book?". TLS: The Times Literary Supplement. Archived from the original on 6 June 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
49. ^ Greer, Germaine (iv January 2010). "My favourite library is being transformed into a beacon of naffness". The Guardian . Retrieved 29 May 2015.

External links [edit]

• The lexicon definition of bollard at Wiktionary

daileybrivelacce.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollard

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